Probability is the study of chance processes and the long-run relative frequency of random events. In this unit, students explore the mathematical foundations of uncertainty, learning to calculate and interpret probabilities for both simple and complex events.

We cover the essential Probability Rules, including the Complement Rule, the General Addition Rule for non-mutually exclusive events, and the General Multiplication Rule. Students will learn to use Venn Diagrams and Two-Way Tables to visualize relationships between events and define key concepts such as Mutually Exclusive (disjoint) events and Independence.

A heavy emphasis is placed on Conditional Probability—calculating the likelihood of an event given that another has occurred—and using the check for independence P(A|B) = P(A) to verify statistical relationships.